Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis.
体外研究 (In Vitro)
Hesperetin has the retention of antioxidant potential in self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system[1]. Hesperetin and NGR display broad-spectrum inhibition against human UGTs. Besides, Hesperetin exhibits strong inhibitory effects on UGT1A1, 1A3 and 1A9 (both IC50 and Ki values lower than 10 µM) and moderately inhibits UGT1A4, UGT1A7, UGT1A8 (IC50 values 29.68-63.87 µM)[2]. Hesperetin interacts with different types of proteins involving hydrogen bonds, pi-pi effects, pi-cation bonding and pi-sigma interactions with varying binding energies. Hesperetin exhibits drug-like properties which projects its potential as a therapeutic option for CHIKV infection[3]. Hesperetin dose-dependently reduces GCDCA-induced caspase-3 activity in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Hesperetin also dose-dependently reduces CM-induced Nos2 (iNOS) expression in hepatocytes. Interestingly, hesperetin-induced expression of the antioxidant gene haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) about fourfold compared with cytokine mixture alone[5].
Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
体内研究 (In Vivo)
Preadministration of Hesperetin (40 mg/kg b.w., oral) significantly attenuates the Cd-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, restores the antioxidant and membrane-bound enzyme activities and decreases apoptosis in the brain of rats[4]. Hesperetin (200 mg/kg) attenuates Con A-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic Nos2 (iNOS) expression in mice. Hesperetin co-treatment also decreases the occurrence of apoptotic bodies, hydropic degeneration, nuclear fragments, autolysis and haemorrhage. The number of leukocytes infiltrated in liver tissue of mice with D-GalN/LPS-induced fulminant hepatitis are significantly decreased by hesperetin in a murine model[5].
Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
分子量
302.28
Formula
C16H14O6
CAS 号
520-33-2
中文名称
橙皮素
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
[1]. Arya A, et al. Bioflavonoid hesperetin overcome bicalutamide induced toxicity by co-delivery in novel SNEDDS formulations: Optimization, in vivo evaluation and uptake mechanism. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017 Feb 1;71:954-964
[2]. Liu D, et al. Inhibitory Effect of Hesperetin and Naringenin on Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes: Implications for Herb-Drug Interactions. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016;39(12):2052-2059.
[3]. Oo A, et al. In silico study on anti-Chikungunya virus activity of hesperetin. PeerJ. 2016 Oct 26;4:e2602. eCollection 2016.
[4]. Shagirtha K, et al. Neuroprotective efficacy of hesperetin against cadmium induced oxidative stress in the brain of rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016 Nov 1. pii: 0748233716665301
[5]. Bai X, et al. The protective effect of the natural compound hesperetin against fulminant hepatitis in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jan;174(1):41-56
[6]. Li Q, et al. Hesperetin Induces Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma Cells via p38 MAPK Activation. Nutr Cancer. 2019 Jul 11:1-8.
Kinase Assay [4]
First, 0.5 mL tissue homogenate is diluted with 1 mL water. Then, to this mixture, 2.5 mL ethanol and 1.5 mL chloroform (all reagents chilled) are added and shaken for 1 min at 4°C, then centrifuged. The enzyme activity in the supernatant is determined. The assay mixture contained 1.2 mL sodium pyrophosphate buffer (0.025 M, pH 8.3), 0.1 mL 186 mM phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 0.3 mL 30 mM Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and 0.2 mL of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and appropriately diluted enzyme preparation and water in a total volume of 3 mL. Reaction is initiated by the addition of NADH. After incubation at 30°C for 90 min, the reaction is stopped by the addition of 1 mL glacial acetic acid. The reaction mixture is stirred vigorously and shaken with 4 mL n-butanol. The intensity of the chromogen in the butanol layer is measured at 560 nm against a butanol blank. A system without enzyme served as control. One unit of enzyme activity is defined as 50% inhibition of NBT reduction in 1 min under the assay conditions.
Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration [4]
After 7 days of adjusting, the animals are randomly divided into 10 experimental groups. Control group (n=8): These animals are treated with the equivalent volume of PBS as used for the administration of Con A and D-GalN/LPS. Control hesperetin group (n=8): The mice are treated with hesperetin 400 mg/kg p.o. in 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) solution for 10 days. Con A group (n=15): The animals are treated with the same volume of CMC-Na as used for administration of hesperetin for 10 days and are challenged with Con A (i.v.15 mg/kg). Con A + hesperetin groups: The animals receive various doses of hesperetin (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) p.o. for 10 days before Con A injection (each group n=15). D-GalN/LPS group (n=15): The animals are given CMC-Na for 10 days and injected i.p. with D-GalN (700 mg/kg)/LPS (5 μg/kg). D-GalN/LPS + hesperetin groups: Three doses of hesperetin (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) are given to mice once daily for 10 days. D-GalN (700 mg/kg)/LPS (5 μg/kg) are injected i.p. (each group n=15).
Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
参考文献
[1]. Arya A, et al. Bioflavonoid hesperetin overcome bicalutamide induced toxicity by co-delivery in novel SNEDDS formulations: Optimization, in vivo evaluation and uptake mechanism. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017 Feb 1;71:954-964
[2]. Liu D, et al. Inhibitory Effect of Hesperetin and Naringenin on Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes: Implications for Herb-Drug Interactions. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016;39(12):2052-2059.
[3]. Oo A, et al. In silico study on anti-Chikungunya virus activity of hesperetin. PeerJ. 2016 Oct 26;4:e2602. eCollection 2016.
[4]. Shagirtha K, et al. Neuroprotective efficacy of hesperetin against cadmium induced oxidative stress in the brain of rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016 Nov 1. pii: 0748233716665301
[5]. Bai X, et al. The protective effect of the natural compound hesperetin against fulminant hepatitis in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jan;174(1):41-56
[6]. Li Q, et al. Hesperetin Induces Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma Cells via p38 MAPK Activation. Nutr Cancer. 2019 Jul 11:1-8.
Auraptene is the most abundant naturally occurring geranyloxycoumarin. Auraptene decreases the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) as well as key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5(CCL5)[1].
IC50 & Target[1]
MMP-2
分子量
298.38
Formula
C19H22O3
CAS 号
495-02-3
中文名称
橙皮油素；橙油素；橙皮油内酯
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
[1]. Wang X, et al. A rapid and efficient extraction method based on industrial MCM-41-miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction with response surface methodology for simultaneous quantification of six flavonoids in Pollen typhae by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci. 2019 Jul;42(14):2426-2434.
Neohesperidin is a flavonoid compound found in high amounts in Poncirus trifoliata with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
体外研究 (In Vitro)
Neohesperidin induces cell apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. The IC50 values of neohesperidin at 24 and 48 h are 47.4±2.6 μM and 32.5±1.8 μM, respectively. The expressions of P53 and Bax in the neohesperidin-treated cells are significantly up-regulated, while that of Bcl-2 is down-regulated[1]. Neohesperidin exhibits antioxidant activity (IC50=22.31 μg/mL) in the DPPH radical-scavenging assay[2].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
体内研究 (In Vivo)
Neohesperidin (50 mg/kg) significantly inhibits 55.0% of HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions. In pylorus ligated rats, neohesperidin (50 mg/kg) significantly decreases the volume of gastric secretion and gastric acid output, and increases the pH[1]. Treatment of neohesperidin significantly decreases fasting glucose, serum glucose, and glycosylated serum protein (GSP) in mice. It significantly elevates oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance in the diabetic mice. Neohesperidin significantly decreases serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, leptin level, and liver index in the mice[3].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
分子量
610.56
Formula
C28H34O15
CAS 号
13241-33-3
中文名称
新橙皮苷；新桔皮苷；新橙皮甙；柑果苷
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
[1]. Lee JH, et al. Protective effects of neohesperidin and poncirin isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata on potential gastric disease. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23(12):1748-53.
[2]. Xu F, et al. Neohesperidin induces cellular apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells via activating the Bcl-2/Bax-mediated signaling pathway. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 Nov;7(11):1475-8.
[3]. Jia S, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Food Funct. 2015 Mar;6(3):878-86.
Animal Administration [3]
Mice: All the mice are fasted 6 h before the test and then fed with water or neohesperidin by gavage. The mice are intraperitoneally injected with either 2 g/kg BW glucose or 1 IU/kg BW insulin for OGTT and ITT, respectively. Blood samples are collected from the tail vein for the measurement of basal blood glucose levels (0 min) before the injection of glucose or insulin. Additional blood glucose levels are measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min[3].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
参考文献
[1]. Lee JH, et al. Protective effects of neohesperidin and poncirin isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata on potential gastric disease. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23(12):1748-53.
[2]. Xu F, et al. Neohesperidin induces cellular apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells via activating the Bcl-2/Bax-mediated signaling pathway. Nat Prod Commun. 2012 Nov;7(11):1475-8.
[3]. Jia S, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Food Funct. 2015 Mar;6(3):878-86.
Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside is produced by the enzymatic conversion of Hesperidin. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside is a potent human HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and also effectively inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Antihypertensive effect[1][2].
分子量
464.42
Formula
C22H24O11
CAS 号
31712-49-9
中文名称
橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
*以上所有助溶剂都可在 Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd 网站选购。
参考文献
[1]. Young-Su Lee, et al. Enzymatic Bioconversion of Citrus Hesperidin by Aspergillus Sojae Naringinase: Enhanced Solubility of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside With in Vitro Inhibition of Human Intestinal Maltase, HMG-CoA Reductase, and Growth of Helicobacter Pylori. Food Chem. 2012 Dec 15;135(4):2253-9.
[2]. Lucas Actis-Goretta, et al. Gastrointestinal Absorption and Metabolism of hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside and hesperetin-7-O-glucoside in Healthy Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 Sep;59(9):1651-62.
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a synthetic glycoside chalcone, is added to various foods and beverages as a low caloric artificial sweetener.
体外研究 (In Vitro)
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone shows remarkable radical scavenging activity against stable radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in concentration dependent manner. Especially, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is the most potent inhibitor of H2O2 and HOCl. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone shows HOCl scavenging activity of 93.5% and H2O2 scavenging property of 73.5%. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone shows extensive inhibitory effect especially on non-radical ROS H2O2 and HOCl with IC50 values of 205.1, 25.5 μM[1]. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is found to be an activator of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) with an IC50 of 389 μM[2].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
体内研究 (In Vivo)
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone administration results in significant reduction in activities of two useful markers of liver damage, AST and ALT. The relative levels of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α protein in the liver of PQ-treated mice are inhibited by neohesperidin dihydrochalcone[3]. The embryotoxicity/teratogenicity of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is examined in Wistar Crl:(WI)WU BR rats. No adverse effects are observed at neohesperidin dihydrochalcone levels of up to 5% of the diet, the highest dose level tested, at which the rats consumed about 3.3 g/kg body weight/day[4].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
分子量
612.58
Formula
C28H36O15
CAS 号
20702-77-6
中文名称
新橙皮甙二氢查尔酮；新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
[1]. Choi JM, et al. Antioxidant properties of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: inhibition of hypochlorous acid-induced DNA strand breakage, protein degradation, and cell death. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Feb;30(2):324-30.
[2]. Kashani-Amin E, et al. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: presentation of a small molecule activator of mammalian alpha-amylase as an allosteric effector. FEBS Lett. 2013 Mar 18;587(6):652-8.
[3]. Shi Q, et al. Artificial sweetener neohesperidin dihydrochalcone showed antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects against paraquat-induced liver injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015 Dec;29(2):722-9.
[4]. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, et al. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity study with neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Aug;40(1):74-9.
Cell Assay [1]
WST-8 dye is used in the cell viability assay. HIT-T15 and HUVEC cells are grown and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine calf serum. 1000 cells in each well are incubated with various concentrations of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (50, 100, 500 μM, 1 mM) and other compounds. After treating HIT-T15 and HUVEC cells with 500 μM HOCl, WST-8 dye is added to each well, and the absorbance is detected at 420 nm with microplate reader[1].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration [3][4]
Rats: The embryotoxicity/teratogenicity of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is examined in Wistar Crl:(WI)WU BR rats. The study is comprised of four groups of 28 mated female rats each, i.e., a control group (0% neohesperidin dihydrochalcone) and three treatment groups (1.25, 2.5, and 5% neohesperidin dihydrochalcone). The general condition and behavior of the animals are observed twice daily. Body weight is determined on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of gestation. Food consumption is determined during three consecutive periods (days 0-7, 7-14, and 14-21 of gestation)[4].
[3]Mice: Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is dissolved in a 0.5% CMC vehicle. Mice are randomized into four groups. The control group receives equal volume of vehicles throughout. The PQ group receives saline once daily for 6 consecutive days. One hour after final saline treatment, mice are injected with PQ (75 mg/kg body weight). The neohesperidin dihydrochalcone group receives a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for 6 consecutive days. One hour after final neohesperidin dihydrochalcone treatment, mice are injected with PQ (75 mg/kg body weight)[3].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
参考文献
[1]. Choi JM, et al. Antioxidant properties of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: inhibition of hypochlorous acid-induced DNA strand breakage, protein degradation, and cell death. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Feb;30(2):324-30.
[2]. Kashani-Amin E, et al. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: presentation of a small molecule activator of mammalian alpha-amylase as an allosteric effector. FEBS Lett. 2013 Mar 18;587(6):652-8.
[3]. Shi Q, et al. Artificial sweetener neohesperidin dihydrochalcone showed antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects against paraquat-induced liver injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015 Dec;29(2):722-9.
[4]. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, et al. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity study with neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Aug;40(1):74-9.
Isomerazin is a coumarin isolated from Poncirus trifoliate Raf., and shows cholinesterase inhibition[1][2].
分子量
260.29
Formula
C15H16O4
CAS 号
1088-17-1
中文名称
异橙皮内酯
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
储存方式
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
参考文献
[1]. Pokharel YR, et al. Potent protective effect of isoimperatorin against aflatoxin B1-inducible cytotoxicity in H4IIE cells: bifunctional effects on glutathione S-transferase and CYP1A. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Dec;27(12):2483-90.
[2]. Renata P. dos Santos,et al. Chemical composition and biological activity of leaves and fruits of Triphasia trifolia. Química Nova 31(1):53-58 • December 2007.
