[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP;

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP 是一种竞争性和选择性的血管活性肠肽 (VIP) 受体拮抗剂,IC50 值为 125.8 nM。[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP 对胰高血糖素,促胰液素和 GRF 受体无活性。

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIPamp;;

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 102805-45-8

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP 的其他形式现货产品:

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA

生物活性

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP is a competitive and selective antagonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor, with the IC50 of 125.8 nM. [D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP has no activity on glucagon, secretin or GRF receptors[1][2][3].

IC50 Target

IC50: 125.8 nM (VIP receptor)[1]

分子量

3342.20

Formula

C148H239ClN44O42

CAS 号

102805-45-8

Sequence

His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-{Cl-Phe}-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Leu-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2

Sequence Shortening

HSDAV-{Cl-Phe}-TDNYTRLRKQLAVKKYLNSILN-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. Pozo D, et, al. Characterization of VIP receptor-effector system antagonists in rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Mar 5; 321(3): 379-86.

    [2]. Pandol SJ, et, al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor antagonist [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17] VIP. Am J Physiol. 1986 Apr; 250 (4 Pt 1): G553-7.

    [3]. Messmer B, et, al. Regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion by cerebral TRH and CGRP: role of VIP, muscarinic, and adrenergic pathways. Am J Physiol. 1993 Feb; 264(2 Pt 1): G237-42.

Millipore Ultrafree-CL DV 离心超滤管UFC40DV25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL DV 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40DV25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 紫色

滤膜商标名: Durapore?

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

残留体积,μL: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: DVPP

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL DV

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore UFC40DV25 Ultrafree-CL DV 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore UFC40DV25 Ultrafree-CL DV 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL GV 离心超滤管UFC40GV25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL GV 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40GV25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 黄色

滤膜商标名: Durapore?

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: GVPP

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL GV

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL GV 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL GV 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL HV 离心超滤管 UFC40HV25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL HV 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40HV25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL HV

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 红色

滤膜商标名: Durapore?

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

滤膜孔径,μm: 0.45

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: HVPP

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL HV

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL HV 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL HV 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物

  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LG 离心超滤管UFC40LG25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LG 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40LG25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL LG

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 黄色

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

滤膜孔径,?m: 0.22

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: LG

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL LG

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LG 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LG 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LH 离心超滤管UFC40LH25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LH 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40LH25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL LH

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 红色

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

滤膜孔径,?m: 0.45

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: LH

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL LH

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LH 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL LH 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL SV 离心超滤管UFC40SV25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL SV 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40SV25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL SV

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 深绿色

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

滤膜孔径,?m: 5.0

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: SVPP

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL SV

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL SV 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL SV 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

Millipore Ultrafree-CL VV 离心超滤管UFC40VV25

Millipore Ultrafree-CL VV 离心超滤管

简要描述:

型号 : UFC40VV25

特点 : 高回收Durapore(PVDF)和亲水性PTFE膜;五种不同的孔径,从0.1到5.0um;还提供预先灭菌装置;快速过滤和高度重现性;在装有15mL管的固定角度转子中使用。

说明: Ultrafree-CL VV

商标名: Ultrafree

数量/包装: 25

操作注意: 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g

滤膜材质: Hydrophilic PVDF

离心作用: Sample Clarification

色码: 橙色

滤膜商标名: Durapore?

zui高操作温度,°C: 50

滤膜类型: 微孔滤膜

长度,mm: 77

滤膜孔径,?m: 0.1

残留体积,?L: 10

直径,mm: 16.3

滤膜代码: VVPP

体积,mL: 2

产品名称: Ultrafree-CL VV

过滤面积,cm2: 0.8

无菌: 非无菌

Millipore Ultrafree-CL VV 离心超滤管

技术指标

样品体积
zui大起始样品体积,mL 2
  10
离心力 固定角度转子 (15 mL) ,zui大离心力为 5,000 x g
材料
亲水性 PVDF或亲水性 PTFE
装置  
尺寸
有效膜面积,cm2 0.8
直径,mm 16.3
长度,mm 77

Millipore Ultrafree-CL VV 离心超滤管

应用

  • 从水和某些基于溶剂的样品中去除颗粒和沉淀物
  • 是配合蛋白质和核酸溶液使用的理想选择

NBD-Cl(Synonyms: NBD chloride)

NBD-Cl;(Synonyms: NBD chloride) 纯度: 99.14%

NBD-Cl 是一种非荧光剂,与巯基或氨基反应后高度荧光。

NBD-Clamp;;(Synonyms: NBD chloride)

NBD-Cl Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 10199-89-0

规格 价格 是否有货 数量
Free Sample (0.1-0.5 mg) ; Apply now ;
10;mM;*;1 mL in DMSO ¥660 In-stock
500 mg ¥600 In-stock
1 g ¥1000 In-stock
5 g ; 询价 ;
10 g ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

NBD-Cl 相关产品

bull;相关化合物库:

  • Bioactive Compound Library Plus

生物活性

NBD-Cl is a nonfluorescent reagent which becomes highly fluorescent after reaction with thiol or amino groups[1].

体外研究
(In Vitro)

NBD-Cl (NBD chloride) forms highly fluorescent derivatives for detection of all the protein amino acids. In addition, NBD-Cl provides a simple and sensitive method for determination of N-terminal amino acids. The differences in intensity and color of fluorescence can be used to advantage to identify prolyl peptides[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

199.55

Formula

C6H2ClN3O3

CAS 号

10199-89-0

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

4deg;C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80deg;C, 6 months; -20deg;C, 1 month (protect from light)

溶解性数据
In Vitro:;

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (501.13 mM)

H2O : 0.67 mg/mL (3.36 mM; Need ultrasonic)

* “≥” means soluble, but saturation unknown.

配制储备液
浓度 溶剂体积 质量 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.0113 mL 25.0564 mL 50.1128 mL
5 mM 1.0023 mL 5.0113 mL 10.0226 mL
10 mM 0.5011 mL 2.5056 mL 5.0113 mL

*

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液;一旦配成溶液,请分装保存,避免反复冻融造成的产品失效
储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)。-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。

In Vivo:

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液,再依次添加助溶剂:

——为保证实验结果的可靠性,澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件,适当保存;体内实验的工作液,建议您现用现配,当天使用; 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比;如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象,可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

  • 1.

    请依序添加每种溶剂:;10% DMSO ;; 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.53 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.53 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中,混合均匀。

    将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中,再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL,完全溶解,澄清透明
*以上所有助溶剂都可在 MCE 网站选购。
参考文献
  • [1]. Fager RS, et al. The use of NBD chloride (7 chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) in detecting amino acids and as an N-terminal reagent. Anal Biochem. 1973 May;53(1):290-4.

Kinase Assay
[1]

Fluorescence Measurements[1]
Fluorescence spectra are recorded on a Hitachi MPF-24 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer. The emission spectrum is determined at the optimal wavelength of 464 nm. Thin-layer chromatography is carried out on Brinkmann glass supported analytical silica G thin-layer plates without fluorescent indicator. The NBD derivatives are visualized on thin-layer plates either by examination under an ultraviolet lamp with a long wavelength filter or by using the same lamp with a 2×2-in. Corning 5-57 filter and viewing the spots through a 2×2-in. Corning 3-68 filter. The former method produces a more intense fluorescence, but the latter produces a much greater contrast appearing as white spots against a dark background. NBD-Cl (NBD chloride) is allowed to react with amino acids and peptides under the conditions. Into 3 mL Pyrex test tubes are pipette the following: (1) 2.0 mL of ethanol, (2) 0.1 mL NBD-Cl solution in ethanol 1.41 pg/mL, (3) 0.1 mL ethanol saturated with sodium acetate, (4) 0.1 mL of amino acid solution 400-600μg/mL, and the mixture incubated at 75°C for 20 min. For reaction with peptides, 1.5 mL of ethanol, 0.1 mL ethanolic sodium acetate, 0.4 mL ethanolic NBD-Cl, 1.41 μg/mL, are added to 0.4 ml of the peptide and incubated under the same conditions.

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

参考文献
  • [1]. Fager RS, et al. The use of NBD chloride (7 chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) in detecting amino acids and as an N-terminal reagent. Anal Biochem. 1973 May;53(1):290-4.

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA; 纯度: 99.26%

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA 是一种竞争性和选择性的血管活性肠肽 (VIP) 受体拮抗剂,IC50 值为 125.8 nM。[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA 对胰高血糖素,促胰液素和 GRF 受体无活性。

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFAamp;;

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA Chemical Structure

规格 价格 是否有货 数量
5 mg ¥5500 In-stock
10 mg ¥9500 In-stock
50 mg ; 询价 ;
100 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA 相关产品

bull;相关化合物库:

  • Bioactive Compound Library Plus
  • Peptide Library

生物活性

[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA is a competitive and selective antagonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor, with the IC50 of 125.8 nM. [D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP TFA has no activity on glucagon, secretin or GRF receptors[1][2][3].

IC50 Target

IC50: 125.8 nM (VIP receptor)[1]

分子量

3456.22

Formula

C150H240F3ClN44O44

Sequence

His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-{Cl-Phe}-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Leu-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2

Sequence Shortening

HSDAV-{Cl-Phe}-TDNYTRLRKQLAVKKYLNSILN-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Sealed storage, away from moisture

Powder -80deg;C 2 years
-20deg;C 1 year

*In solvent : -80deg;C, 6 months; -20deg;C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. Pozo D, et, al. Characterization of VIP receptor-effector system antagonists in rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Mar 5; 321(3): 379-86.

    [2]. Pandol SJ, et, al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor antagonist [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17] VIP. Am J Physiol. 1986 Apr; 250 (4 Pt 1): G553-7.

    [3]. Messmer B, et, al. Regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion by cerebral TRH and CGRP: role of VIP, muscarinic, and adrenergic pathways. Am J Physiol. 1993 Feb; 264(2 Pt 1): G237-42.